Many people of the western world still think of themselves as a defeated people, cast-away from colonial Europe. The truth is not far fetched; since the history is sanitized. I attempt here to pull together an evidentiary reading which should support the argument that Jamaicans of African descent were Conversos (referred to Jews or Muslims or the descendants of Jews or Muslims) initially, then the first Africans to arrive came in 1513 from the Iberian Peninsula. Jamaica, the 3rd largest Caribbean island, was inhabited by Arawak natives when it was first sighted by the 2nd voyage of Christopher Colombus on 5th May 1494. Columbus himself was stranded on Jamaica from 1503 to 1504 during his 4th voyage.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers.html
Berbers (Berber: ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⴻⵏ/Imazighen / Imaziɣen) are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are continuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke the Berber language or varieties of it, which together form a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversos.html
Conversos (Spanish: [komˈbersos], Portuguese: [kõˈveɾsuʃ], Galician: [komˈbeɾsos], Catalan: [kumˈbɛrsus] or [komˈvɛɾsos]; "a convert", from Latin conversvs, "converted, turned around") and its feminine form conversa referred to Jews or Muslims or the descendants of
Jews or Muslims who converted to Catholicism in Spain and Portugal, particularly during the 14th and 15th centuries. Mass conversions took place under great governmental pressure. The Treaty of Granada (1491) at the last surrender of Al-Andalus issued clear protection of religious rights; the Alhambra Decree (1492) began the reversal.
We can understand then that Egyptians dispersed even to Niger. So Nigger (from Niger) is another form of Jew; the way to enslavement may be different.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janissary.html
The Janissaries were mostly chosen among the non-Muslim children with a strong physique in Anatolia and the Balkan peninsula. The intelligent ones were chosen for the Enderun where they would receive a high standard of education to become viziers, engineers, architects, physicians and scientists. The Janissaries were kapıkulları (sing. kapıkulu), "door servants" or "slaves of the Porte", neither free men nor ordinary slaves (Turkish: köle).[6] They were subject to strict discipline, but they
were paid salaries and pensions on retirement, and were free to marry; those conscripted through devşirme formed a distinctive social class[7] which quickly became the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire, rivaling the Turkish aristocracy in one of the four royal institutions: the Palace, the Scribes, the Religious and the Military. The brightest of the Janissaries were sent to the Palace
institution (Enderun), where the possibility of a glittering career beckoned.
Perhaps the most famous Janissaries were George Kastrioti Skanderbeg, son of a despot in northern Albania who later defected and led a 20-year Albanian revolt against the Ottomans,
George Kastrioti Skanderbeg (6 May 1405 – 17 January 1468), widely known as Skanderbeg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kastrioti_Skanderbeg
.
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Inquisition.html
In 1481 the Inquisition started in Spain and ultimately surpassed the medieval Inquisition, in both scope and intensity. Conversos (Secret Jews) and New Christians were targeted because of their close relations to the Jewish community, many of whom were Jews in all but their name. Fear of Jewish influence led Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand to write a petition to the Pope asking
permission to start an Inquisition in Spain. In 1483 Tomas de Torquemada became the inquisitor-general for most of Spain, he set tribunals in many cities. Also heading the Inquisition in Spain were two Dominican monks, Miguel de Morillo and Juan de San Martin.
First, they arrested Conversos and notable figures in Seville; in Seville more than 700 Conversos were burned at the stake and 5,000 repented. Tribunals were also opened in Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia. An Inquisition Tribunal was set up in Ciudad Real, where 100 Conversos were condemned, and it was moved to Toledo in 1485. Between 1486-1492, 25 auto de fes were held in Toledo, 467 people were burned at the stake and others were imprisoned. The Inquisition finally made its way to Barcelona, where it was resisted at first because of the important place of Spanish Conversos in the economy and society. More than 13,000 Conversos were put on trial during the first 12 years of the Spanish Inquisition. Hoping to eliminate ties between the Jewish community and Conversos, the Jews of Spain were expelled in 1492..
http://jewishhistory.org.il/history.php?startyear=1490&endyear=1499
1492 9 Av 5252) SPAIN
The expulsion of the Jews from Spain.
1492 January 2, GRENADA (Spain)
The last Moorish stronghold was overrun, adding even more Jews to Catholic Spain. Under the terms of surrender, the Jewish inhabitants were promised protection by the King and Queen. Within a few months the razing of the Jewish quarter was ordered by Ferdinand.
1492 March 31, EDICT OF EXPULSION (Spain)
Since professing Jews were not under the jurisdiction of the Inquisition, the Church leveled a ritual murder accusation against them in Granada and was thus able to call for the expulsion of both Jews and Marranos from Spain. The Marranos themselves were accused of complicity in the case, and both were ordered to leave within four months. Torquemada, the director of the Inquisition (and incidentally of Jewish descent), defended this against Don Isaac Abarbanel. It is estimated that approximately 200,000 Jews were living in Spain. Approximately half of them found temporary sanctuary in Portugal. Another 50,000 fled to friendlier shores and the rest remained as "Christians".
Observe that Jews and Muslims were a "problem" to Europe. So the coloured people of Europe were expelled and Spain in particular shipped them with Colombus to the New world.
1492 August 3, COLUMBUS (Spain-America) Set sail for the New World. His journal recorded the sighting of some vessels carrying Jews away from Spain. The loan for his voyage was advanced by Luis de Santangel, chancellor of the Royal household, and Gabriel Sanchez, high treasurer of Aragon.
Both were born into Marrano families.
1492 October 12, LOUIS DE TORRES (Spain-America) became the first white man to set foot in the Western Hemisphere landing in San Salvador with Christopher Columbus. De Torres converted to Christianity right before sailing and served as an interpreter for Columbus. He discovered and introduced tobacco into Europe. There is an interesting story relating to Torres who saw a bird he thought to be a peacock and called it a "tuki" (Hebrew for peacock - I Kings X22). Today that bird is known as a turkey. In Spanish one of the names for Turkey is Pavo, which originally referred to a peacock.
http://jamaicanfamilysearch.com/Samples/surname.htm
The grandson of Christopher Columbus (Cristobal Colon), Louis Colon received the title of Marquis of St. Iago de la Vega, a title which was inherited by Louis's sister Isabella Colon. She married a Portuguese nobleman of the house of Braganza, which later became the royal family of Portugal. This led to the settlement in Jamaica of many Portuguese, mostly merchants and traders, and some ship-
builders. Many Spanish Jews had also fled from Spain to Portugal to escape the Inquisition. Their first settlement in Jamaica was in 1530. These conversos or crypto-Jews could not openly revert to Judaism without being punished. When the English occupied Jamaica in 1655 these settlers were already there. The Portuguese welcomed the English. It was the intention of Venables to make good subjects of the Portuguese, but to remove the Spaniards. There are records of some of them pledging allegiance to the English crown. Some of them reverted to Judaism. Their surnames will be seen among their descendants in Jamaica.
1493 January 31, GENOA (Italy)
During the previous year, Jews fleeing Spain were allowed to land for three days. As of this date this special consideration was cancelled due to the "fear" that the Jews might introduce the Plague (Black Death) into Genoa.
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/columbus-reaches-the-new-world.html
However, after the Spanish conquest of the Moorish kingdom of Granada in January 1492, the Spanish monarchs, flush with victory, agreed to support his voyage.
On August 3, 1492, Columbus set sail from Palos, Spain, with three small ships, the Santa Maria, the Pinta, and the Nina. On October 12, the expedition reached land, probably Watling Island in the Bahamas. Later that month, Columbus sighted Cuba, which he thought was mainland China, and in December the expedition landed on Hispaniola, which Columbus thought might be Japan. He established a small colony there with 39 of his men. The explorer returned to Spain with gold, spices, and "Indian" captives in March 1493 and was received with the highest honors by the Spanish court. He was the first European to explore the Americas since the Vikings set up colonies in Greenland and Newfoundland in the 10th century. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus
Never admitting that he had reached a continent previously unknown to Europeans, rather than the East Indies he had set out for, Columbus called the inhabitants of the lands he visited indios (Spanish for "Indians").[7][8][9] Columbus' strained relationship with the Spanish crown and its appointed colonial administrators in America led to his arrest and dismissal as governor of the settlements in Hispaniola in 1500, and later to protracted litigation over the benefits which Columbus and his
heirs claimed were owed to them by the crown.
http://jamaica-guide.info/past.and.present/history/columbus.arrival/index.html
Though Columbus' first voyage to the Americas is undoubtedly his most famous historically, he didn't reach the island of Jamaica until his second voyage. He had already been to Hispaniola, the island now shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic, and Cuba. Upon his return, the Cuban Indians pointed him to the island of Jamaica.
When Columbus arrived on May 5, 1494 at a bay he named Santa Gloria, the Taínos greeted him with great hostility and forced him to stay at sea. Santa Gloria, now St. Ann's Bay, was so named because Columbus felt that Jamaica was the most beautiful island he'd seen.
His arrival was no more welcome along the shore at Puerto Bueno (later Dry Harbour, now Discovery Bay), where Columbus did land. Here he forced his way onto land with crossbows and even a dog, which bit several of the Taínos. He needed wood and water, as well as time to repair the ships. When he landed, Columbus claimed the land in the name of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jamaica
Jamaica, the 3rd largest Caribbean island, was inhabited by Arawak natives when it was first sighted by the 2nd voyage of Christopher Colombus on 5th May 1494. Columbus himself was stranded on Jamaica from 1503 to 1504 during his 4th voyage.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08270a.htm
The largest of the British West Indian islands, is situated in the Caribbean Sea, between latitude 17 deg. 43 min. and 18 deg. 32 min. N., and longitude 76 deg. 11 min. and 78 deg. 30 min. W. It is 90 miles south of Cuba, 100 west of Haiti, and 554 miles from
Colon. The nearest point of the continent of America is about 400 miles southwest of the island. The name Jamaica is said to be derived from Arawak words denoting water and wood, signifying a fertile land. The island is 144 miles long, and from 21.5 to 49 miles broad. Its area is 4207.5 square miles, of which about 646 are flat, consisting of alluvium, marl, and swamp. There are some mineral deposits in the island, the most abundant being copper. The surface of the island is very mountainous, almost
2000 square miles of it being above an altitude of 1000 feet. The culminating point, Blue Mountain Peak, is 7360 feet high.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicans_of_African_descent
The first Africans to arrive came in 1513 from the Iberian Peninsula after having been taken from West Africa by the Spanish and the Portuguese. They were servants, cowboys, herders of cattle, pigs and horses, as well as hunters. When the English captured Jamaica in 1655, many of them fought with the Spanish who gave them their freedom and then fled to the mountains resisting the British for many years to maintain their freedom, becoming known as Maroon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (Asturian, Leonese, Mirandese, Spanish, Portuguese and Galician: Península Ibérica, Catalan: Península Ibèrica, Aragonese and Occitan: Peninsula Iberica, French: Péninsule Ibérique, Basque: Iberiar Penintsula), sometimes called Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes the modern-day sovereign states of Spain, Portugal and
Andorra, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar.
The message is clear: Jamaicans carry genes from the most enterprising peoples of the world who arrived on the island from different circumstances. We now know that the African genes were not lazy, ignorant and foolish as portrayed but most were statesmen, business owners and religious people. It seems LOUIS DE TORRES spoke Hebrew (see earler) as he called a turkey "inki"?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers.html
Berbers (Berber: ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⴻⵏ/Imazighen / Imaziɣen) are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are continuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke the Berber language or varieties of it, which together form a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversos.html
Conversos (Spanish: [komˈbersos], Portuguese: [kõˈveɾsuʃ], Galician: [komˈbeɾsos], Catalan: [kumˈbɛrsus] or [komˈvɛɾsos]; "a convert", from Latin conversvs, "converted, turned around") and its feminine form conversa referred to Jews or Muslims or the descendants of
Jews or Muslims who converted to Catholicism in Spain and Portugal, particularly during the 14th and 15th centuries. Mass conversions took place under great governmental pressure. The Treaty of Granada (1491) at the last surrender of Al-Andalus issued clear protection of religious rights; the Alhambra Decree (1492) began the reversal.
We can understand then that Egyptians dispersed even to Niger. So Nigger (from Niger) is another form of Jew; the way to enslavement may be different.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janissary.html
The Janissaries were mostly chosen among the non-Muslim children with a strong physique in Anatolia and the Balkan peninsula. The intelligent ones were chosen for the Enderun where they would receive a high standard of education to become viziers, engineers, architects, physicians and scientists. The Janissaries were kapıkulları (sing. kapıkulu), "door servants" or "slaves of the Porte", neither free men nor ordinary slaves (Turkish: köle).[6] They were subject to strict discipline, but they
were paid salaries and pensions on retirement, and were free to marry; those conscripted through devşirme formed a distinctive social class[7] which quickly became the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire, rivaling the Turkish aristocracy in one of the four royal institutions: the Palace, the Scribes, the Religious and the Military. The brightest of the Janissaries were sent to the Palace
institution (Enderun), where the possibility of a glittering career beckoned.
Perhaps the most famous Janissaries were George Kastrioti Skanderbeg, son of a despot in northern Albania who later defected and led a 20-year Albanian revolt against the Ottomans,
George Kastrioti Skanderbeg (6 May 1405 – 17 January 1468), widely known as Skanderbeg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kastrioti_Skanderbeg
.
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Inquisition.html
In 1481 the Inquisition started in Spain and ultimately surpassed the medieval Inquisition, in both scope and intensity. Conversos (Secret Jews) and New Christians were targeted because of their close relations to the Jewish community, many of whom were Jews in all but their name. Fear of Jewish influence led Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand to write a petition to the Pope asking
permission to start an Inquisition in Spain. In 1483 Tomas de Torquemada became the inquisitor-general for most of Spain, he set tribunals in many cities. Also heading the Inquisition in Spain were two Dominican monks, Miguel de Morillo and Juan de San Martin.
First, they arrested Conversos and notable figures in Seville; in Seville more than 700 Conversos were burned at the stake and 5,000 repented. Tribunals were also opened in Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia. An Inquisition Tribunal was set up in Ciudad Real, where 100 Conversos were condemned, and it was moved to Toledo in 1485. Between 1486-1492, 25 auto de fes were held in Toledo, 467 people were burned at the stake and others were imprisoned. The Inquisition finally made its way to Barcelona, where it was resisted at first because of the important place of Spanish Conversos in the economy and society. More than 13,000 Conversos were put on trial during the first 12 years of the Spanish Inquisition. Hoping to eliminate ties between the Jewish community and Conversos, the Jews of Spain were expelled in 1492..
http://jewishhistory.org.il/history.php?startyear=1490&endyear=1499
1492 9 Av 5252) SPAIN
The expulsion of the Jews from Spain.
1492 January 2, GRENADA (Spain)
The last Moorish stronghold was overrun, adding even more Jews to Catholic Spain. Under the terms of surrender, the Jewish inhabitants were promised protection by the King and Queen. Within a few months the razing of the Jewish quarter was ordered by Ferdinand.
1492 March 31, EDICT OF EXPULSION (Spain)
Since professing Jews were not under the jurisdiction of the Inquisition, the Church leveled a ritual murder accusation against them in Granada and was thus able to call for the expulsion of both Jews and Marranos from Spain. The Marranos themselves were accused of complicity in the case, and both were ordered to leave within four months. Torquemada, the director of the Inquisition (and incidentally of Jewish descent), defended this against Don Isaac Abarbanel. It is estimated that approximately 200,000 Jews were living in Spain. Approximately half of them found temporary sanctuary in Portugal. Another 50,000 fled to friendlier shores and the rest remained as "Christians".
Observe that Jews and Muslims were a "problem" to Europe. So the coloured people of Europe were expelled and Spain in particular shipped them with Colombus to the New world.
1492 August 3, COLUMBUS (Spain-America) Set sail for the New World. His journal recorded the sighting of some vessels carrying Jews away from Spain. The loan for his voyage was advanced by Luis de Santangel, chancellor of the Royal household, and Gabriel Sanchez, high treasurer of Aragon.
Both were born into Marrano families.
1492 October 12, LOUIS DE TORRES (Spain-America) became the first white man to set foot in the Western Hemisphere landing in San Salvador with Christopher Columbus. De Torres converted to Christianity right before sailing and served as an interpreter for Columbus. He discovered and introduced tobacco into Europe. There is an interesting story relating to Torres who saw a bird he thought to be a peacock and called it a "tuki" (Hebrew for peacock - I Kings X22). Today that bird is known as a turkey. In Spanish one of the names for Turkey is Pavo, which originally referred to a peacock.
http://jamaicanfamilysearch.com/Samples/surname.htm
The grandson of Christopher Columbus (Cristobal Colon), Louis Colon received the title of Marquis of St. Iago de la Vega, a title which was inherited by Louis's sister Isabella Colon. She married a Portuguese nobleman of the house of Braganza, which later became the royal family of Portugal. This led to the settlement in Jamaica of many Portuguese, mostly merchants and traders, and some ship-
builders. Many Spanish Jews had also fled from Spain to Portugal to escape the Inquisition. Their first settlement in Jamaica was in 1530. These conversos or crypto-Jews could not openly revert to Judaism without being punished. When the English occupied Jamaica in 1655 these settlers were already there. The Portuguese welcomed the English. It was the intention of Venables to make good subjects of the Portuguese, but to remove the Spaniards. There are records of some of them pledging allegiance to the English crown. Some of them reverted to Judaism. Their surnames will be seen among their descendants in Jamaica.
1493 January 31, GENOA (Italy)
During the previous year, Jews fleeing Spain were allowed to land for three days. As of this date this special consideration was cancelled due to the "fear" that the Jews might introduce the Plague (Black Death) into Genoa.
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/columbus-reaches-the-new-world.html
However, after the Spanish conquest of the Moorish kingdom of Granada in January 1492, the Spanish monarchs, flush with victory, agreed to support his voyage.
On August 3, 1492, Columbus set sail from Palos, Spain, with three small ships, the Santa Maria, the Pinta, and the Nina. On October 12, the expedition reached land, probably Watling Island in the Bahamas. Later that month, Columbus sighted Cuba, which he thought was mainland China, and in December the expedition landed on Hispaniola, which Columbus thought might be Japan. He established a small colony there with 39 of his men. The explorer returned to Spain with gold, spices, and "Indian" captives in March 1493 and was received with the highest honors by the Spanish court. He was the first European to explore the Americas since the Vikings set up colonies in Greenland and Newfoundland in the 10th century. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus
Never admitting that he had reached a continent previously unknown to Europeans, rather than the East Indies he had set out for, Columbus called the inhabitants of the lands he visited indios (Spanish for "Indians").[7][8][9] Columbus' strained relationship with the Spanish crown and its appointed colonial administrators in America led to his arrest and dismissal as governor of the settlements in Hispaniola in 1500, and later to protracted litigation over the benefits which Columbus and his
heirs claimed were owed to them by the crown.
http://jamaica-guide.info/past.and.present/history/columbus.arrival/index.html
Though Columbus' first voyage to the Americas is undoubtedly his most famous historically, he didn't reach the island of Jamaica until his second voyage. He had already been to Hispaniola, the island now shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic, and Cuba. Upon his return, the Cuban Indians pointed him to the island of Jamaica.
When Columbus arrived on May 5, 1494 at a bay he named Santa Gloria, the Taínos greeted him with great hostility and forced him to stay at sea. Santa Gloria, now St. Ann's Bay, was so named because Columbus felt that Jamaica was the most beautiful island he'd seen.
His arrival was no more welcome along the shore at Puerto Bueno (later Dry Harbour, now Discovery Bay), where Columbus did land. Here he forced his way onto land with crossbows and even a dog, which bit several of the Taínos. He needed wood and water, as well as time to repair the ships. When he landed, Columbus claimed the land in the name of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jamaica
Jamaica, the 3rd largest Caribbean island, was inhabited by Arawak natives when it was first sighted by the 2nd voyage of Christopher Colombus on 5th May 1494. Columbus himself was stranded on Jamaica from 1503 to 1504 during his 4th voyage.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08270a.htm
The largest of the British West Indian islands, is situated in the Caribbean Sea, between latitude 17 deg. 43 min. and 18 deg. 32 min. N., and longitude 76 deg. 11 min. and 78 deg. 30 min. W. It is 90 miles south of Cuba, 100 west of Haiti, and 554 miles from
Colon. The nearest point of the continent of America is about 400 miles southwest of the island. The name Jamaica is said to be derived from Arawak words denoting water and wood, signifying a fertile land. The island is 144 miles long, and from 21.5 to 49 miles broad. Its area is 4207.5 square miles, of which about 646 are flat, consisting of alluvium, marl, and swamp. There are some mineral deposits in the island, the most abundant being copper. The surface of the island is very mountainous, almost
2000 square miles of it being above an altitude of 1000 feet. The culminating point, Blue Mountain Peak, is 7360 feet high.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicans_of_African_descent
The first Africans to arrive came in 1513 from the Iberian Peninsula after having been taken from West Africa by the Spanish and the Portuguese. They were servants, cowboys, herders of cattle, pigs and horses, as well as hunters. When the English captured Jamaica in 1655, many of them fought with the Spanish who gave them their freedom and then fled to the mountains resisting the British for many years to maintain their freedom, becoming known as Maroon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (Asturian, Leonese, Mirandese, Spanish, Portuguese and Galician: Península Ibérica, Catalan: Península Ibèrica, Aragonese and Occitan: Peninsula Iberica, French: Péninsule Ibérique, Basque: Iberiar Penintsula), sometimes called Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes the modern-day sovereign states of Spain, Portugal and
Andorra, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar.
The message is clear: Jamaicans carry genes from the most enterprising peoples of the world who arrived on the island from different circumstances. We now know that the African genes were not lazy, ignorant and foolish as portrayed but most were statesmen, business owners and religious people. It seems LOUIS DE TORRES spoke Hebrew (see earler) as he called a turkey "inki"?
